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“Peng Cheng Aluminum” & “Cheng Cheng Plastics” redirect here

Established in 1989, Liao Ning Zhong Wang Group Co., Ltd. (Chinese: ??????????) is one of the biggest aluminum and vinyl profile production enterprises in China. It is located in the Liaoning Province of China. The Company has total assets of RMB 8.91 billion with more than 3,200 employees including 1,120 technical people above middle level. The annual capacity of aluminum profiles is 500,000 metric tons. The annual capacity of vinyl profiles is 400,000 metric tons. LNZWG produces all types of aluminum and vinyl profiles for residential construction, industrial uses and usages from other trades.

The Company now owns 66 extruding production lines, 6 anodizing lines, 4 electrophoretic coating lines imported from Japan, 7 vertical high voltage electrostatic powder coating lines imported from ltaly, 1 ltalian made high voltage electrostatic fluorocarbon coating line, 1 horizontal high voltage fluorocarbon coating line imported from Randburg Company of Japan, 2 horizontal high voltage electrostatic powder coating lines imported from ITW Gema Company of Switzerland, 5 thermal-breaking composite aluminum profile production lines from Switzerland, 3 wood-effect aluminum profile production lines from ltaly, 2 aluminum profile reciprocating polishing machines from Spain and 5 mechanical sand-blasting machines. The tonnages of the extruders are 5MN, 6.6MN, 8MN, 12.5MN, 20MN, 27.5MN, 31.5MN, 36MN, 55MN, 75MN and 125MN.

Wholesalers/Distributors

Peng Cheng Aluminum Enterperise Inc. USA (Chinese: ??????????)

Peng Cheng Aluminum (abbreviated: PCA) is the Los Angeles, California based exclusive distributor of Liao Ning Zhong Wang Group’s aluminum. Peng Cheng Aluminum is responsible for the U.S. sales and distribution of aluminum extrusions for LNZWG.

Peng Cheng Aluminum (PCA) is the trade name for Peng Cheng Aluminum Enterprise Inc. USA, which was incorporated in California in 2004.”

PCA recently made the cover of Modern Metals Magazine (Link to the article below)

Cheng Cheng Plastics Inc. USA (Chinese: ??????????)

Cheng Cheng Plastics is the Los Angeles, California based exclusive distributor of Liao Ning Zhong Wang Group’s vinyl. Cheng Cheng Plastics is responsible for the U.S. sales and distribution of uPVC (vinyl) extrusions for LNZWG.

References

^ “PCA Company Info”. http://www.pcaus.com. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.

External links

Official Website of Liao Ning Zhong Wang Group

Official Website of Peng Cheng Aluminum Enterperise Inc. USA

Official Website of Cheng Cheng Plastics Inc. USA

PCA’s Modern Metals Magazine cover story



This Chinese corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: Aluminium companies | Manufacturing companies of the People’s Republic of China | Central-owned enterprise of the People’s Republic of China | Metal companies of China | Manufacturing company stubs | Chinese company stubs

Hidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from July 2008 | All articles lacking sources(and so on)

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Royal Toto is a major Korean manufacturer and exporter of sanitary fixtures and fittings. The company’s comprehensive range includes bidets, sensor faucets and air dryers, toilet flush valves, hygiene toilet seats, and bathroom fixtures for the physically challenged. The company markets nationally and internationally under its own Royal brand, a domestic market leader, and has received ISO 9001 certification from the Korean Standards Association. The company can also supply on an OEM basis. Royal Toto Metal Co., Ltd was originally established as Royal Metal Co., Ltd. in 1970, renaming itself in 1980 after embarking on a joint venture with the Japanese company, Toto Ltd., which holds a 25 percent stake. Royal Toto Metal Co., Ltd has registered capital of US$ 6.5 million and has invested a total of US$60 million in its two factories in Incheon and offices and showroom in nearby Seoul. The company employs some 480 workers, including 48 production technicians and 36

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Linear Sandwich theory describes the behaviour of a beam which consists of three layers. It is an extension of static first order beam theory.

Linear sandwich theory is of importance for the design and analysis of sandwich panels, which are of use in building construction, vehicle construction, airplane construction and refrigeration engineering.

Contents

1 Preconditions

2 Basics of the theory

3 Approaches

3.1 Analytical approach

3.2 Numerical approach

4 Practical Importance

5 Literature

6 Weblinks

//


Preconditions

Sandwich cross sections are composite. They consist of a moderately shear-proof core which, connected with two exterior rigid cover sheets is shear-proof and has tensile strength.

Each cover sheet might be bend-proof.

Each layer for itself fulfils the standards of evenness of the cross section but not the cross section as a whole.

Basics of the theory

The behaviour of a beam with sandwich cross sections under a load differs from a beam with a constant elastic cross section:

Besides the elastic deformation of the cover sheets, which are tensed up against each other and are possibly profiled, shear dropping occurs which is caused by the moderately shear-proof core.

As long as the sandwich cross section shows one or two profiled cover sheets, its partial stresses resultant are indefinite.

Differences of temperature between the cover sheets persist because of the thermal separation by the core material. Because of the different linear expansions of the cover sheets these temperature differences lead to a bending of the sandwich beam in the direction of the warmer cover sheet. This leads to restraint as long as this deformation is avoided by intermediate supports or the bending stiffness of the cover sheets.



Figure 1 - Equilibration of a deflected sandwich beam under temperature load and burden in comparison with the undeflected cross section

Assuming that each partial cross section fulfils Bernoulli’s hypothesis, the balance can be formulated at the deformed sandwich beam element, in order to deduce from this the bending equation for the sandwich beam.

The stresses resultant and the corresponding deformations of the beam and of the cross section can be seen in Figure 1. The following relationships are taken from elasticy theory:

Where the terms are as follows:

Dropping of the continous beam

Shear angle of the core

Rotation of the coverings concerning the perpendicular bending line

Rotation of the linear connection between the centre of the coverings

Sandwich portion of the bending moment

Sandwich portion of the bending resistance

Bending moment of the coverings

Bending resistance of the coverings

Sandwich portion of shear force, thus shear force in the core

Shear force portion in the coverings

Shear stiffness of the core

The missing of the index shows the sum of the sandwich portion and covering portion as size of the hole cross section.

Curve in consequence of a temperature drop

Temperature coefficient of expansion of the converings

By forming the differential equation for the sandwich continuous beam, the following can be determined:



In the literature the segregated version is also used:



Approaches

In general, the sandwich continuous beam is indefinite because of the superior number of balance conditions.

Additionally there are - concerning bend-proof cover sheets - the inner indefiniteness regarding the distribution of stresses resultant to normal forces and bending in the cover sheets.

Analytical approach

By utilization of the border- and transition conditions differential equations can be solved for each single case. Such results are conveyed in the DIN EN 14509:2006 (Table E10.1) . They can be easily used for the calculation of simple systems (double span beams under uniformly distributed loads, and so forth). A programmed utilization which has been done in a table calculation and in which the above mentioned closed solutions for simple cases are deposited can be sourced from the institute for sandwich technology.

Furthermore, results can be calculated by the use of the energy method (force way sizes method).

Numerical approach

The differential equation of sandwich continuous beams can be solved by the use of numerical methods. This may be done:

by the use of difference arithmetic or

according to the method of finite elements.

For the difference arithmetic Berner recommends a double-stage approach: After solving the differential equation for the normal forces in the cover sheets for a single span beam under an optional load, the method of force way sizes can be used to expand the approach for the calculation of multi-span beams.

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A gel-based rollerball pen.

Rollerball pens are writing instruments which use ball point writing mechanisms with water-based liquid or gelled ink, as opposed to the oil-based viscous inks found in ballpoint pens. The characteristics of these less viscous inks, which tend to saturate more deeply and more widely into paper than other types of ink, give rollerball pens their distinctive writing qualities.



Close up of an extra fine rollerball pen next to something it wrote.

The rollerball pen was initially designed to combine the convenience of a ballpoint pen with the smooth “wet ink” effect of a fountain pen. Gels usually contain pigments, while liquid inks are limited to dyestuffs, as pigments will sink down in liquid ink (sedimentation). It is the thickness and suspending power of gels that allows the use of pigments in gelled ink. Using pigments (the same pigments that are used in paint) yields a greater variety of brighter colors than is possible in liquid ink. Gels also allow for the use of heavier pigments with metallic or glitter effects, or opaque pastel pigments that be seen on dark surfaces.

Writing with liquid ink pens cannot be seen on dark surfaces because inks containing dyes need a light colored, reflective background, because dyes do not reflect light by themselves, in the way that pigment particles do. Dye molecules absorb all but a particular wavelength of light, so light must pass through the ink and bounce off a reflective background in order for our eyes to see the color of the ink.[citation needed]

Contents

1 Advantages over ballpoint

2 Disadvantages

3 Additional uses

4 References

5 See also

6 External links

//


Advantages over ballpoint

A rollerball pen has three main advantages over a ballpoint pen:

Less pressure needs to be applied to the pen to have it write cleanly. This permits holding the pen with less stress on the hand, saving energy and improving comfort.

The inks usually have a greater range of colors due to the wider choice of suitable water-soluble dyes and/or to the use of pigments.

They usually tend to write more boldly and clearly than ballpoint pens do.

Disadvantages



Close-up shot of a rollerball pen tip

There are a number of disadvantages inherent to rollerball pens:

Water-based rollerball ink is more liable to smudge than a ballpoint pen’s oil-based ink because water-based ink dries more slowly. Also if one writes in a notebook, closing it before the ink dries can stain the opposing page. Gel ink dries much more rapidly than liquid-ink, making it much more, but not completely, resistant to smudging.

Rollerballs with liquid-ink much more frequently “bleed” through the paper. Liquid ink is more readily absorbed into the paper due to its lower viscosity. This viscosity also causes problems when leaving the tip on the paper (to pause for a thought for example); the bleed-through effect is greatly increased as the ink is continually absorbed into the paper, creating a blotch. None of these things affect gel-ink rollerballs nearly as much. This is one way through which the thickness of gel-ink gives it an advantage, in that it isn’t as prone to being absorbed. Though the bleed-through effect of a gel-ink rollerball is greater than that of a ballpoint, it is usually not too significant.

A disadvantage of gel ink is that its greater viscosity increases the likelihood of intermittent (as opposed to consistent) inking of the ball, producing “skipping” where the flow of ink randomly ceases. The amount of skipping varies widely with the pen. Conversely, liquid-ink rollerballs flow extremely consistently, and skip less than ballpoints do.

Rollerball pens generally run out of ink more quickly than ballpoints because rollerballs use a greater amount of ink while writing. This is especially true of liquid-ink rollerballs, due to gel ink having a low absorption rate as a result of its thickness. Neither lasts as long as a ballpoint.

Uncapped rollerball pens are more likely to leak ink when, for example, placed into a shirt pocket, but this is easily avoided by recapping the pen.

A rollerball tip is more likely to jam with correction fluid when writing over while it is not completely dry. This often renders the pen useless.

Additional uses

Former MI-6 agent Richard Tomlinson alleges that Pentel Rolling Writer rollerball pens were extensively used by SIS agents to produce secret writing (invisible messages) while on missions.

References

^ Tomlinson, Richard: The Big Breach: From Top Secret to Maximum Security, pg 44. Mainstream Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-903813-01-8

See also

Gel pen

Fountain pen

Pen

External links

Writing Instrument Manufacturers Association

Categories: Pens

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Camorra



Map highlighting the location of Campania in Italy

Presumed Origin

the Spanish Garduna

Creation

XVIII century

Actual Number

7,000 members, 90,000 associates[citation needed]

Principals Families

150 ‘clans’[citation needed]

Activities

Blackmail, Illegal gambling, Casino, Prostitution, Trafficking

The Camorra is a mafia-like criminal organization, or secret society, originating in the region of Campania and the city of Naples in Italy. It finances itself through drug trafficking, extortion, protection, and racketeering, and its activities have led to high levels of homicide in the areas in which it operates. It is the oldest organized criminal organization in Italy.

Contents

1 Background

2 Activities

3 The Garbage Crisis

4 Efforts to Fight the Camorra

4.1 Camorra transsexual capo arrested

5 Presence Outside Italy

5.1 The Camorra in the United States

5.2 The Camorra in the United Kingdom

6 In popular Culture

7 See also

8 References

8.1 Notes

8.2 Sources

9 External links

//


Background

The origins of the Camorra are not entirely clear. Some assert a history going back as far as the 16th century, claiming that it is a direct descendant of a Spanish secret society, the Garduna, founded in 1417. Officials of the Spanish Kingdom of Naples allegedly introduced the organisation in the area. However, a more probable explanation is that the Camorra gradually grew out of small criminal gangs among the poor operating in Neapolitan society near the end of the 18th century.

The first official use of the word dates from 1735, when a royal decree authorized the establishment of eight gaming-houses in Naples. The word is almost certainly a blend of capo (boss) and a Neapolitan street game, the morra. (In this game, two persons wave their hands simultaneously, while a crowd of surrounding gamblers guess, in chorus, at the total number of fingers exposed by the principal players.) This activity was prohibited by the local government and some people started making the players pay for being rotected against the passing police. This etymology seems to represent better the real nature and origin of the Camorra.



Camorristi in Naples, 1906

The Camorra first emerged during the chaotic power vacuum in the years between 1799-1815, when a Neapolitan Republic was proclaimed on the wave of the French Revolution and the restoration of Bourbon dynasty. The first official mention of the Camorra as an organization dates from 1820, when police records detail a disciplinary meeting of the Camorra. That year a first written statute was also discovered, indicating a stable organizational structure in the underworld. Another statute was discovered in 1842 including initiation rites and funds set aside for the families of those imprisoned.

The evolution into more organized formations indicated a qualitative change: the Camorra and camorristi were no longer local gangs living off theft and extortion; they now had a fixed structure and some kind of hierarchy. Another qualitative leap was the agreement of the liberal opposition and the Camorra following the defeat in the 1848 revolution. The liberals realized that they needed popular support to overthrow the King. They turned to the Camorra and paid them, the camorristi being the leaders of the city poor. The Camorra effectively had developed into power brokers in a few decades.

The Camorra was never a coherent whole, a centralized organization. Instead it has always been a loose confederation of different, independent groups or families. Each group was bound around kinship ties and controlled economic activities which took place in its particular territory. Each family clan took care of its own business, protected its territory, and sometimes tried to expand at another group expense. Although not centralized, there was some minimal coordination, to avoid mutual interference. The families competed to maintain a system of checks and balances between equal powers.

One of the Camorra strategies to gain social prestige is political patronage. The family clans became the preferred interlocutors of local politicians and public officials because of their grip on the community. In turn the family bosses used their political sway to assist and protect their clients against the local authorities. Through a mixture of brute force, political status, and social leadership, the Camorra family clans imposed themselves as middlemen between the local community and bureaucrats and politicians at the national level. They granted privileges and protection and intervened in favour of their clients in return for their silence and connivance against local authorities and the police. With their political connections, the heads of the major Neapolitan familes became…(and so on)

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(Redirected from Skin tone color matching)



Color analysis, also called skin tone color matching or color seasons, is the process of finding colors of clothing and makeup to match a person’s complexion, eye color, and hair color. It is often used as an aid to wardrobe planning and style consulting.

Color analysis is the process of determining the colors that best suit an individual’s natural coloring. There are several means of analysing personal coloring. The most well-known is “seasonal” color analysis, which places individual coloring into four general categories: Winter, Spring, Summer and Autumn. “Winters” and “Summers” have cool coloring. Some clues that a person has cool coloring might include ash tones in the hair, grey-blue eyes and pinkish undertones to the skin. “Springs” and “Autumns” have warm coloring. Some signs of warm coloring are red or golden hair, golden brown eyes and golden undertones to the skin.

Another system of color analysis relies on analysing whether the person’s coloring has high or low contrast; for instance, dark hair and pale skin create high contrast. Under this system, individuals are classified as “light-bright,” “muted,” “gentle” and “contrast.” Still other systems combine analysis of warm and cool coloring with analysis of contrast levels.

There is evidence the colors a person wears can affect how others perceive him or her; according to a British study, red and pink are thought to signal sexual attractiveness, particularly when worn by women. Dark colors like black or navy may convey authority or simply make the wearer seem less approachable. The theories of color analysis also teach that certain colors are capable of emphasizing or, conversely, de-emphasizing an individual’s attractiveness to others. Unflattering colors may make a person look pale, for instance, or draw attention to such “flaws” as wrinkles or uneven skin tone. Flattering colors are thought to have the opposite effect.

One practical application for color analysis is that by limiting wardrobe color choices a person will probably find it easier to coordinate his or her clothing and accessories, thus possibly saving time, space and money.

Contents

1 A History of Color Analysis

2 Color in the 20th Century

3 Color Today

3.1 Color Seasons

4 References

//


A History of Color Analysis

The first olor and image consultant may have been Michel Eugene Chevreul (1786-1889). As the director of the renowned tapestry firm, Les Teintures des Gobelins, Chevreul made it his business to know everything he could about color. In particular, he noted that colors interacted with each other when they were placed side by side. When viewed alone, however, the very same colors appeared quite different. When a client gave Chevreul a fabric swatch of her yellow curtains, for example, he was expected to incorporate that exact shade into the client’s tapestry. Alas, when the carpet was completed, the yellow appeared not to match. However, when the yellow fabric swatch was placed next to the yellow pattern in the carpet, the two yellows did match. Chevreul discoveries are reported in his voluminous book of 1839 entitled “The Law of Simultaneous Contrast.”

Chevreul discovered that the yellow in the carpet had been influenced or manipulated by the other colors alongside it, so that it only appeared different than the yellow of the curtains. The curtains, of course, hung completely alone, so they were not subject to the influence of another color.

Chevreul further discovered that when looking at any given color, the eye simultaneously demands that the opposite or contrasting color on the color wheel be generated. Apparently the eye has a precise equilibrium, so that when looking at red, for example, the eye generates green, even though we are not aware of it. He called this phenomenon Simultaneous Contrast. In 1839, Chevreul published the findings of his meticulous and extensive research in a voluminous publication entitled De la Loi de Contraste Simultane des Couleurs (The Law of Simultaneous Contrast of Colors). In a separate chapter devoted to research on clothing and hair color, he concluded that any color worn next to the face, including hair color, would affect the appearance of the skin’s color. In 1810, German philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe had his book heory of Colours published in Germany. In 1840, it was published in English in London by John Murray. Goethe made an exhaustive study of color, preceding that of Chevreul. However, he did not speak of the use of his theories with regard to choosing clothing colors, or with regard to the influence of hair color on the face, as did Chevreul.

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Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc.

Type

Public (NYSE:RGR)

Founded

1949

Headquarters

Southport, CT

Key people

Michael O Fifer - CEO, Stephen L Sanetti - Vice Chairman, President, General Counsel

Industry

Firearms

Products

Rifles Shotguns Pistols Revolvers

Revenue

$139.1 Million (2006)

Employees

1100 (2006)

Website

http://www.ruger.com



Ruger’s .22 caliber 22/45 target pistol

Sturm, Ruger & Company, Incorporated is a Fairfield, Connecticut-based firearm manufacturing company, better known as just Ruger. Sturm, Ruger produces bolt-action, semi-automatic, full-automatic, and single-shot rifles; shotguns; semi-automatic pistols; and single-action and double-action revolvers.

Contents

1 History

2 Products

2.1 Rifles

2.2 Submachine guns

2.3 Pistols

2.4 Revolvers

2.5 Shotguns

3 Controversy

4 See also

5 References

6 External links

//


History

Sturm, Ruger & Company was founded by William B. Ruger and Alexander McCormick Sturm in 1949 in a small rented machine shop in Southport, Connecticut. Just prior to their partnership, Bill Ruger had successfully duplicated two Baby Nambu pistols in his garage, from a captured Nambu that he acquired from a returning US Marine, at the close of WWII. Although deciding against marketing the Nambu pistols, he incorporated the Nambu’s rear style cocking device and a modified Nambu’s silhouette into their first commercially produced .22 caliber pistol (see Ruger MK II), which became so successful that it launched the entire company. Ruger firearms is the nation’s fourth largest firearms manufacturer, and the only one producing firearms in all four market segments: rifles, shotguns, pistols, and revolvers.

Ruger is a dominant player in the .22 rimfire rifle market in the U.S. with its Ruger 10/22. The 10/22 is popular due to being relatively inexpensive and of good quality as well as the wealth of aftermarket accessories and parts available for it. In fact, it’s possible to build a 10/22 using only aftermarket parts, several of which are marketed to target shooters at prices starting at approximatley $1000.

Ruger similarly dominates the .22 rimfire semiauto pistol market with the Ruger MK II and Ruger MK III. Like the 10/22, the MkII is extremely well supported with a variety of good aftermarket accessories.

Ruger Casting has plants in Newport, New Hampshire and Prescott, Arizona, making ferrous, ductile iron and commercial titanium castings. Ruger Golf makes steel and titanium castings for golf clubs made by a number of different brands.

Sturm, Ruger stock has been publicly traded since 1969, and became a New York Stock Exchange company in 1990 (NYSE:RGR). After Alex Sturm death in 1951. William B. Ruger continued to direct the company until his death in 2002.

From 1949 through 2004, Ruger manufactured over 20 million firearms, and currently offers hundreds of models for hunting, target shooting, self-defense, collecting, and law enforcement.

Products

Ruger breaks down their products into four main categories: rifles, shotguns, pistols, and revolvers.

Rifles



Ruger M77 Mark II Stainless Action in .204

Ruger No. 1

Ruger M77

Ruger Mini-14

Ruger Police Carbine (discontnued)

Ruger Deerfield Autoloader (discontinued)

Ruger 96 (.22 caliber model 96/22 discontinued)

Ruger 10/17

Ruger 10/22

Ruger 77/22

Submachine guns

Ruger MP9

Pistols

Ruger Charger

P85 (discontinued)

P89

P90

P91 (discontinued)

P93 (discontinued)

P94 (discontinued)

P944

P95

P97 (discontinued)

P345

SR9

LCP

Ruger MK I (discontinued)

Ruger MK II (discontinued)

Ruger MK III

Revolvers

Vaquero

Single Six

Bearcat

Blackhawk



“Old Model” Super Blackhawk c 1962



Stainless New Model Super Blackhawk and Redhawk



Six Inch Barrel Short Lug Variation (KGP-161)



SP101 with Corbon Load Data

GP-100

SP-101

LCR

Redhawk

Super Redhawk

Security Six (discontinued)

Service Six (discontinued)

Speed Six (discontinued)

Old Army (discontinued)

Shotguns

Red Label

Gold Label

Controversy

After a spate of high profile shootings and incidents with the Ruger Mini-14 rifle, along with the popularity the Mini 14 had gained with militias and extremist movements during the late 1970s and 1980s, William B. Ruger expressed a highly unpopular position (amongst firearms owners, users and enthusiasts) by stating his personal views on the “sporting” nature of certain firearms. In his letter…(and so on)

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An Orient Watch

The Orient Watch Company, Limited (???????????) is a Japanese watch company, established in 1950.

The Orient Watch company traces its roots back to 1901 and the horological marketing of its founder, Shogoro Yoshida, in Tokyo. For many years, Orient was number three in the Japanese watchmaking triumvirate of Seiko, Citizen, and Orient. However, Casio quickly supplanted Orient in the early 1970s with watches that were marketed primarily in the United States but were also popular in Japan and elsewhere in Asia. Nevertheless, Orient stayed the course with a conservative design philosophy and a marketing strategy that has largely ignored the US in favor of Japan and other Pacific rim countries, the Middle East, Russia, and South America.

In 1985 Orient and Seiko established a joint factory. Today, Orient has manufacturing facilities in Japan, Singapore, and Brazil, and sells a wide range of kinds of watch, both mechanical and quartz, some of the latter light powered (similar to Citizen Eco-Drive line). Prices range from about 50 USD / 30 euro to very about (7000USD). Orient Star and Orient Star Royal are the middle and high-end brands, respectively.

As of 2006, Orient Watch has the largest Japanese mechanical movement production exceeding Seiko and Citizen’s combined production figures. Through large scale production, the value offered by their watches is considered[who?] one of the best in the industry.

In 2008, the company decided to market in the United States, despite its challenges of non-licensed vendors and counterfeit models. The watches, which are currently available on Orient’s US website, are scheduled for an expanded American roll-out[vague] in 2009.

As of March 1, 2009, Orient became a wholly owned subsidiary of Seiko Epson Corporation.

External links

Orient Watch Co., Ltd. (US website)

Orient Watch Co., Ltd. (Corporate website)

Europa Star Article

JCK Magazine Article

Categories: Watch brands | Companies of Japan | Seiko Epson | Japanese company stubs

Hidden categories: All pages needing cleanup | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases since March 2009 | Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009(and so on)

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Sheila Hancock, Esma Cannon & Miriam Karlin in BBC Television The Rag Trade

The Rag Trade is a British television sitcom transmitted by the BBC between 1961 and 1963.

The scripts were by Ronald Wolfe and Ronald Chesney, who later wrote Wild, Wild Women, a period variation of The Rag Trade’.

The action centred on a small clothing workshop (the title associates with the textile industry), Fenner Fashions in London. Although run by Harold Fenner (Peter Jones) and Reg the foreman (Reg Varney), the female workers are led by militant shop steward Paddy (Miriam Karlin), ever ready to strike, with the catchphrase “Everybody out!” Other cast members included Sheila Hancock (as Carole), Esma Reese Cannon (as Brother Lil), Wanda Ventham (as Shirley) and Barbara Windsor (as Judy).

The Rag Trade was revived by ITV company LWT in 1977, with Jones and Karlin reprising their roles. The 1977 version ran for two series and featured Anna Karen (reprising her role as Olive from On The Buses) and future EastEnders star Gillian Taylforth as factory workers.

The theme tune for the 70s LWT series was written and performed by Lynsey De Paul.

Contents

1 Episode List

1.1 Season 1

1.2 Season 2

1.3 Season 3

1.4 Season 4 (LWT re-launch)

1.5 Season 5

1.6 Surviving BBC Episodes

2 DVD Release Information

3 External links

//


Episode List

On original transmission many early episodes were not given titles so some are from production notes and repeat screenings.

Season 1

The Baby

Getting Married

Early Start

The French Fashions

The Sample

Unhappy Customer

Title unknown

Doctor Orders

The Italian Designer

The Golliwogs (now re-titled Christmas Box for DVD)

Season 2

Title unknown

Title unknown

Title unknown

Title unknown

Title unknown (Lost)

Title unknown

Stay-In Strike

The Fish And Chip Shop (Lost)

Safety Precaution

Stainproofer

Doctor

Barber Shop

Title unknown

Season 3

(All 13 episodes are believed lost)

The Australian

Triplets

The Budgie

The Baby Sitter

Second Mrs. Fenner

Chef Special

The Italian Bit

Baby Dolls

After The Ball

The Engagement Ring

Crocodile Tears

National Productivity Year

The American Buyer

Season 4 (LWT re-launch)

Stay-In Strike

The Sample

Fixing The Rate

The Lunch Problem

The Export Order

The Italian Line

Olive Baby

The Wedding Dress

The Sideline

The Guvor Wife

The New Girl

The Bet

The Accident

The New Brother

Christmas Rush

Season 5

The Annual Ball

The Leather Line

Stress

A Bad Patch

Come Back Paddy

Self-Defence

Fenner Folly

Surviving BBC Episodes

Series 1 Episode 1 (1961)

Series 1 Episode 2 (1961)

Series 1 Episode 3 (1961)

Series 1 Episode 4 (1961)

Series 1 Episode 5 (1961)

Series 1 Episode 6 (1961)

Series 1 Episode 7 (1961)

Series 1 Episode 8 (1961)

Series 1 Episode 9 (1961)

Series 1 Episode 10 (1961)

Series 2 Episode 1 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 2 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 3 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 4 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 6 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 7 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 9 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 10 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 11 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 12 (1962)

Series 2 Episode 13 (1962)

DVD Release Information

Despite the BBC’s Wiping policy of the 1970s, only 21 of the original 36 episodes of the original 60s BBC TV series Exist in the BBC Archvies

All 10 episodes, in the original BBC Season 1, are on DVD (DD Home Entertainment).

The 11 surviving episodes of 13, in the original BBC Season 2, are on DVD (DD Home Entertainment). Two are not broadcast standard and are included as ‘Extras’ due to the low quality of the print.

All 13 episodes in the original BBC Season 3, still remain “missing presumed wiped”

Cinema Club has bought the rights to the original BBC series of the show and are re-releasing all 10 episodes of the original BBC Season 1 with all 11 of the 13 episodes of the origial BBC Season 2 to follow including a box set containing all 21 surviving episodes of the original BBC series in a descending order on DVD by “the shows 50th anniversary” in 2011

All 22 episodes, including the 1977 Christmas special, in the 1970s LWT revival, are available on DVD by Network.

External links

The Rag Trade (1961) at the Internet Movie Database.

The Rag Trade (1977) at the Internet Movie Database.

Comedy Guide - The Rag Trade at…(and so on)

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(Redirected from Rendering (industrial))



Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable, value-added materials. Rendering can refer to any processing of animal byproducts into more useful materials, or more narrowly to the rendering of whole animal fatty tissue into purified fats like lard or tallow. Rendering can be carried out on an industrial, farm, or kitchen scale.

The majority of tissue processed comes from slaughterhouses but also includes restaurant grease and butcher shop trimmings, expired meat from grocery stores, the carcasses of euthanized and dead animals from animal shelters, zoos and veterinarians. This material can include the fatty tissue, bones, and offal, as well as entire carcasses of animals condemned at slaughterhouses, and those that have died on farms (deadstock), in transit, etc. The most common animal sources are beef, pork, sheep, and poultry.

The rendering process simultaneously dries the material and separates the fat from the bone and protein. A rendering process yields a fat commodity (yellow grease, choice white grease, bleachable fancy tallow, etc.) and a protein meal (meat & bone meal, poultry byproduct meal, etc.).

Rendering plants often also handle other materials, such as slaughterhouse blood, feathers and hair, but do so using processes distinct from true rendering.

Contents

1 Process variations

2 Rendering processes for edible products

3 Rendering processes for inedible products

4 History

5 Advantages and disadvantages of rendering

6 Economic impacts

7 Kitchen rendering

8 Bibliography

9 Further reading

10 External links

10.1 Industry organizations

10.2 Industry publication

10.3 Kitchen rendering

//


Process variations

The rendering process varies from plant to plant in many ways.

Whether the end products are to be used as human food is based on the type of raw material and the processing methods.

Whether the end products are to be used as animal or pet food

The material may be processed wet or dry. In wet processing, either boiling water or steam is added to the material causing fat to rise to the surface, while in dry processing, fat is released by dehydrating the raw material.

The temperature range used, whether high or low.

Processing may be either in discrete batches or in a continuous process.

The processing plant may be operated by an independent company that collects the material on the open market, or by the packing plant that produced the material.

Rendering processes for edible products

Edible rendering processes are basically meat processing operations and produce lard or edible tallow for use in food products. Edible rendering is generally carried out in a continuous process at low temperature (less than the boiling point of water). The process usually consists of finely chopping the edible fat materials (generally fat trimmings from meat cuts), heating them with or without added steam, and then carrying out two or more stages of centrifugal separation. The first stage separates the liquid water and fat mixture from the solids. The second stage further separates the fat from the water. The solids may be used in food products, pet foods, etc., depending on the original materials. The separated fat may be used in food products, or if in surplus, it may be diverted to soap making operations. Most edible rendering is done by meat packing or processing companies.

An alternative process cooks slaughterhouse offal to produce a thick lumpy stew which is then sold to the pet-food industry to be used principally as tinned cat and dog foods. Such plants are notable for the offensive odour that they can produce and are often sited well away from human habitation.

Rendering processes for inedible products

Materials that for aesthetic or sanitary reasons are not suitable for human food are the feedstocks for inedible rendering processes. Much of the inedible raw material is rendered using the “dry” method. This may be a batch or a continuous process in which the material is heated in a steam jacketed vessel to drive off the moisture and simultaneously release the fat from the fat cells. The material is first ground, then heated to release the fat and drive off the moisture, percolated to drain off the free fat, and then more fat is pressed out of the solids, which at this stage are called “cracklings” or “dry-rendered tankage”. The cracklings are further ground to make meat and bone meal. A variation on a dry process involves finely chopping the material, fluidizing it with hot fat, and then evaporating the mixture in one or more evaporator stages. Some inedible rendering is done using a wet process, which is generally a continuous process similar in some ways to that used for edible materials. The material is heated…(and so on)

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Taxation in the United States

Federal taxation

Authority HistoryInternal Revenue ServiceCourt ? Forms ? Code ? RevenueTaxpayer standing

Income tax Payroll taxAlternative Minimum TaxEstate tax Excise tax Gift taxCorporate tax Capital gains tax

State & local taxation

State income tax State tax levelsSales tax Use tax Property tax Land value tax

Federal tax reform

Automated payment transaction tax

Competitive Tax PlanEfficient Taxation of IncomeHall-Rabushka flat taxReal Property Use TaxTaxpayer Choice ActUSA Tax Value Added TaxFairTax Flat tax

Tax protesting

HistoryAmerica: Freedom to FascismThe Law that Never WasCheek v. United States

Notable tax protestersIrwin SchiffRichard Michael SimkaninRobert Clarkson Tom CryerVivien KellemsWayne C. BentsonWesley Snipes

Tax protester arguments:Constitutional 16th AmendmentStatutory Conspiracy

Taxation by country

Australia? British Virgin IslandsCanada? China? ColombiaFrance? Germany? Hong KongIndia? Indonesia? IrelandNetherlands? New ZealandPeru? RussiaSingapore? SwitzerlandTanzania? United KingdomUnited States? European Union

v?d?e

Tax rates around the worldTax revenue as % of GDP

view?talk?edit

A gift tax is a tax imposed on the gratuitous transfer of ownership of property.

When a taxable gift is made the tax is usually imposed on the donor (the giver) unless there is a retention of an interest which delays completion of the gift. A transfer is completely gratuitous where the donor receives nothing of value in exchange for the gifted property. A transfer is gratuitous in part where the donor receives some value but the value of the property received by the donor is substantially less than the value of the property given by the donor. In this case, the amount of the gift is the difference.

In the United States, the gift tax is governed by Chapter 12, Subtitle B of the Internal Revenue Code. The tax is imposed by section 2501 of the Code.

Generally, if an interest in property is transferred during the giver’s lifetime (often called an inter vivos gift) then the gift or transfer would not be subject to the estate tax. In 1976, Congress unified the gift and estate taxes limiting the giver ability to circumvent the estate tax by gifting during his or her lifetime. Notwithstanding, there remain differences between estate and gift taxes such as the effective tax rate, the amount of the credit available against tax, and the basis of the received property. There are also types of gifts which will be included in a person’s estate such as certain gifts made within the three year window before death and gifts in which the donor retains an interest, such as gifts of remainder interests that are not either qualified remainder trusts or charitable remainder trusts. The remainder interest gift tax rules apply the gift tax on the entire value of the trust by assigning a zero value to the interest retained by the donor.

Contents

1 Non-taxable gifts

2 Gift tax exemptions

3 U.S. Federal gift tax contrasted with U.S. Federal income tax treatment of gifts

4 See also

5 References

6 External links

//


Non-taxable gifts

Generally, the following gifts are not taxable gifts:

Gifts that are not more than the annual exclusion for the calendar year,

Gifts to a political organization for its use,

Gifts to charities,

Gifts to one’s spouse,

Tuition or medical expenses one pays directly to a medical or educational institution for someone,

Gift tax exemptions

There are two levels of exemption from the gift tax. First, transfers of a present interest up to (as of 2009) $13,000 per person per year are not subject to the tax. An individual can make gifts up to this amount to as many people as they wish each year. A married couple can pool their individual gift exemptions to make gifts worth up to $26,000 per couple per year without incurring any gift tax. Gifting is limited to a cumulative amount of $345,000 per year [SOURCE?]. A lifetime gifting limit of $1,000,000 (gifts above the annual exclusions) is allowed before a gift tax is incurred.

If an individual or couple makes gifts of more than the limit, gift tax is incurred. The individual or couple has the option of paying the gift taxes that year, or to use some of the “unified credit” that would otherwise reduce the estate tax. In some situations it may be advisable to pay the tax in advance to reduce the size of the estate.

In many instances, however, an estate planning strategy is to give the maximum amount possible to as many people as possible to reduce the size of the estate.

Furthermore, transfers (whether by bequest, gift, or inheritance) in excess of $1 million may be subject to a generation-skipping transfer tax if certain other criteria are met.

Further…(and so on)

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