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USS Panay underway during the standardization trial off Woosung, China on August 30, 1928.
The Panay incident was a Japanese attack on the United States Navy gunboat Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside of Nanjing on December 12, 1937.
Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the United States flags painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized, and paid an indemnity. Nevertheless, the attack and the subsequent Allison incident in Nanjing caused U.S. opinion to turn against the Japanese.
Fon Huffman, the last survivor of the incident, died in 2008.
Contents
1 Incident
2 Diplomacy
3 Post-incident
3.1 Continued overtures
3.2 America-Japan Society
3.3 State Department’s position
3.4 Other letters
3.5 Pensioners
4 Responsibility for the attack
5 Trivia
6 References
7 External links
//
Incident
A flat-bottomed craft built in Shanghai specifically for river duty, Panay served as part of the U.S. Navy’s Yangtze Patrol in the Asiatic Fleet, which was responsible for patrolling the Yangtze River to protect American lives and property.
After invading China in the summer of 1937, Japanese forces moved in on the city of Nanking (now known as Nanjing) in December. Panay evacuated the remaining Americans from the city on December 11, bringing the number of people aboard to five officers, fifty-four enlisted men, four U.S. embassy staff, and ten civilians.
The following day, while upstream from Nanking, Panay and three Standard Oil tankers, Mei Ping, Mei An, and Mei Hsia, came under attack from Japanese naval aircraft. Panay was hit by two of the eighteen 60-kg (132 pound) bombs dropped by three Yokosuka B4Y Type-96 bombers and strafed by nine Nakajima A4N Type-95 fighters. The Panay sank; three men were killed, and forty-three sailors and five civilians were wounded.
Two newsreel cameraman were aboard during the attack (Norman Alley of Universal News and Eric Mayell of Movietone News), and were able to film part of the attack and, after making the shore, the sinking of the ship in the middle of the river. Survivors were later taken on board the American vessel Oahu and the British gunboats HMS Ladybird and HMS Bee. Earlier the same day, a Japanese shore battery had fired on HMS Ladybird.
Diplomacy
It was a nervous time for the American ambassador to Japan, Joseph C. Grew, who feared the Panay incident might lead to a break in diplomatic ties between Japan and the United States. Grew, whose experience in the foreign service spanned over thirty years, “remembered the Maine,” the U.S. Navy ship that blew up in Havana Harbor in 1898. The sinking of the Maine had propelled the United States into the Spanish-American War. Grew hoped the sinking of the Panay would not be a similar catalyst.
The Japanese government took full responsibility for sinking the Panay, but continued to maintain that the attack had been unintentional. The formal apology reached Washington on Christmas Eve.
Although Japanese officials maintained that their pilots never saw any American flags on the Panay, a U.S. Navy court of inquiry determined that several U.S. flags were clearly visible on the vessel during the attacks. Four days before the apology reached Washington, the Japanese government admitted that the Japanese Army had strafed the Panay and the survivors after the navy airplanes had bombed it. The Japanese government paid an indemnity of $2,214,007.36 to the United States on April 22, 1938, officially settling the Panay incident.
But, US Navy cryptographers had intercepted and decrypted traffic relating to the attacking planes which clearly indicated that they were under orders during the attack, and that it had not been a mistake of any kind. This was not released for the obvious secrecy reasons.
Post-incident
Immediately after the Panay bombing, a lesser known aspect of the story started to unfold. In the days following the Panay incident, Japanese citizens began sending letters and cards of sympathy to the American embassy in Tokyo. Ambassador Grew wrote that “never before has the fact that there are ‘two Japans’ been more clearly emphasized. Ever since the first news of the Panay disaster came, we have been deluged by delegations, visitors, letters, and contributions of money people from all walks of life, from high officials, doctors, professors, businessmen down to school children, trying to express their shame, apologies, and regrets for the action of their own Navy.” In addition, “highly placed women, the wives of officials, have called on Alice [Grew's wife] without the knowledge of their husbands.” The ambassador noted, “that side of the incident, at least, is profoundly touching and shows that at heart the Japanese are still a chivalrous people.”…(and so on)
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